Computer - Overview

 Overview

Computer - Overview 

In the modern-day world of electronics, the time period Digital is normally associated with a computer because the time period Digital is derived from the manner computers carry out operation, by means of counting digits. For a few years, the software of digital electronics became only in the laptop machine. But now-a-days, digital electronics is used in lots of different packages. Following are some of the examples in which Digital electronics is heavily used.

Industrial procedure manage

Military machine

Television

Communication device

Medical system

Radar

Navigation

Signal

Signal may be described as a bodily amount, which includes some facts. It is a function of 1 or a couple of impartial variables. Signals are of two types.

Analog Signal

Digital Signal

Analog Signal

An analog sign is defined because the signal having continuous values. Analog sign may have limitless quantity of different values. In actual global scenario, most of the things found in nature are analog. Examples of the analog indicators are following.

Temperature

Pressure

Distance

Sound

Voltage

Current

Power

Graphical representation of Analog Signal (Temperature)

Analog Signal

The circuits that manner the analog signals are known as as analog circuits or system. Examples of the analog system are following.

Filter

Amplifiers

Television receiver

Motor speed controller

Disadvantage of Analog Systems

Less accuracy

Less versatility

More noise impact

More distortion

More impact of climate

Digital Signal

A digital sign is described as the sign which has simplest a finite range of distinct values. Digital signals aren't continuous alerts. In the virtual digital calculator, the enter is given with the assist of switches. This enter is transformed into electrical sign which have  discrete values or ranges. One of those can be referred to as low degree and another is called excessive stage. The signal will usually be one of the two tiers. This sort of sign is known as virtual signal. Examples of the digital sign are following.

Binary Signal

Octal Signal

Hexadecimal Signal

Graphical representation of the Digital Signal (Binary)

Digital Signal

The circuits that procedure the virtual alerts are called digital systems or digital circuits. Examples of the digital systems are following.

Registers

Flip-flop

Counters

Microprocessors

Advantage of Digital Systems

More accuracy

More versatility

Less distortion

Easy speak

Possible storage of records

Comparison of Analog and Digital Signal

S.N. Analog Signal Digital Signal

1 Analog signal has countless values. Digital signal has a finite wide variety of values.

2 Analog signal has a non-stop nature. Digital sign has a discrete nature.

3 Analog sign is generated with the aid of transducers and sign generators. Digital signal is generated through A to D converter.

4 Example of analog sign − sine wave, triangular waves. Example of digital signal − binary signal. 

Digital Number System

A digital device can recognize positional range gadget most effective wherein there are some symbols referred to as digits and those symbols constitute distinctive values relying on the position they occupy in the wide variety.

A fee of every digit in a number of can be determined the usage of

The digit

The function of the digit within the number

The base of the wide variety gadget (where base is described as the whole range of digits available inside the range device).

Decimal Number System

The variety machine that we use in our daily lifestyles is the decimal variety device. Decimal wide variety system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from zero to 9. In decimal quantity system, the successive positions to the left of the decimal point represents gadgets, tens, loads, lots and so forth.

Each role represents a selected electricity of the bottom (10). For example, the decimal range 1234 consists of the digit 4 inside the units function, three within the tens function, 2 in the masses role, and 1 in the hundreds position, and its cost can be written as

(1×a thousand) + (2×one hundred) + (three×10) + (four×l) (1×103) + (2×102) + (3×one hundred and one) + (4×l00) a thousand + two hundred + 30 + 1 1234 

As a computer programmer or an IT professional, you need to understand the subsequent wide variety systems which are regularly used in computers.

S.N. Number System & Description

1 Binary Number System

Base 2. Digits used: zero, 1

2 Octal Number System

Base eight. Digits used: zero to 7

3 Hexa Decimal Number System

Base 16. Digits used: 0 to nine, Letters used: A- F

Binary Number System

Characteristics

Uses two digits, 0 and 1.

Also referred to as base 2 number machine

Each function in a binary variety represents a zero energy of the bottom (2). Example: 20

Last role in a binary quantity represents an x electricity of the bottom (2). Example: 2x wherein x represents the final position - 1.

Example

Binary Number: 101012

Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Binary Number Decimal Number

Step 1 101012 ((1 × 24) + (0 × 23) + (1 × 22) + (zero × 21) + (1 × 20))10

Step 2 101012 (16 + zero + 4 + zero + 1)10

Step three 101012 2110

Note: 101012 is generally written as 10101.

Octal Number System

Characteristics

Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,three,4,five,6,7.

Also referred to as base eight number device

Each function in an octal number represents a zero power of the base (eight). Example: 80

Last position in an octal variety represents an x electricity of the bottom (8). Example: 8x wherein x represents the final role - 1.

Example

Octal Number − 125708

Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Octal Number Decimal Number

Step 1 125708 ((1 × eighty four) + (2 × 83) + (5 × 82) + (7 × 81) + (zero × eighty))10

Step 2 125708 (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)10

Step 3 125708 549610

Note: 125708 is commonly written as 12570.

Hexadecimal Number System

Characteristics

Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, zero,1,2,3,four,five,6,7,8,nine,A,B,C,D,E,F.

Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A = 10, B = eleven, C = 12, D = thirteen, E = 14, F = 15.

Also called base 16 wide variety device.

Each role in a hexadecimal variety represents a zero power of the bottom (sixteen). Example a hundred and sixty.

Last function in a hexadecimal number represents an x energy of the bottom (16). Example 16x where x represents the closing position - 1.

Example −

Hexadecimal Number: 19FDE16

Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Hexadecimal Number Decimal Number

Step 1 19FDE16 ((1 × 164) + (nine × 163) + (F × 162) + (D × 161) + (E × one hundred sixty))10

Step 2 19FDE16 ((1 × 164) + (9 × 163) + (15 × 162) + (thirteen × 161) + (14 × a hundred and sixty))10

Step three 19FDE16 (65536 + 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14)10

Step 4 19FDE16 10646210

Note − 19FDE16 is commonly written as 19FDE.